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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

Visual context constrains language-mediated anticipatory eye movements.

Florian Hintz¹, Antje S Meyer^1,2, Falk Huettig^1,2

¹Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)

|September 26, 2019

Summary

Visual input can guide language prediction. This study found that visual information, like object shape and semantics, influenced anticipatory eye gaze during sentence processing, especially after the verb was heard.

Keywords:

Predictive language processing eye movements visually induced competition

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Science
Psycholinguistics
Neuroscience

Background:

Anticipatory language processing involves predicting upcoming information at multiple levels.
Research on anticipatory eye gaze typically assumes language guides visual attention.
This study investigates the reverse: whether visual input can constrain language processing.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore if visual input can restrict the dynamics of anticipatory language processing.
To examine the influence of visual context on predictive eye movements during auditory sentence comprehension.
To test the role of visual information in shaping language-mediated anticipatory gaze.

Main Methods:

Recorded participants' eye movements while they listened to sentences with predictable objects.
Presented visual displays with target objects present or absent (using visually similar or semantically related distractors).
Manipulated preview time of visual displays relative to verb onset (pre-verb vs. post-verb conditions).

Main Results:

Participants showed anticipatory eye movements towards predicted target objects in both conditions.
Predictive looks to visually similar or semantically related objects (absent targets) were observed in the post-verb condition.
No such predictive looks to related objects were found in the pre-verb condition, suggesting visual input's influence is time-dependent.

Conclusions:

Visual information can indeed restrict language-mediated anticipatory gaze.
Findings challenge existing models by demonstrating a top-down influence of visual context on predictive language processing.
The results delineate theoretical accounts of predictive processing within the visual world paradigm.