Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
Horizontal animation deformity as unusual complication of neurotoxin modulation of the gummy smile
Gang Chen, Carlo M Oranges, Salvatore Giordano
1Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai. wangwenjin_001@163.com.
Abstract:
Injections of botulinum toxin type A represent the most common nonsurgical cosmetic treatment worldwide. The authors report a case of dynamic horizontal wrinkling in the upper lip that appeared after botulinum toxin type A injections to treat gummy smile associated with nasal alar base reduction, in a 28-year-old woman. The anatomic features and pathogenic mechanism underlying this unusual complication are analyzed and discussed.

