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What is the relationship between lightness and perceived illumination.

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The visual system separates surface reflectance from illumination. This study shows perceived illumination is matched to the highest luminance, supporting an invariant coupling between lightness and perceived illumination.

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Area of Science:

  • Visual Perception
  • Cognitive Science
  • Psychophysics

Background:

  • Surface reflectance and illumination are confounded in retinal images.
  • A theory of lightness must explain how the visual system disentangles these factors.
  • A comprehensive theory should also address perceived illumination and its relationship to surface lightness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between perceived illumination and surface lightness.
  • To test Koffka's suggestion of an invariant coupling between lightness and perceived illumination.
  • To integrate perceived illumination into anchoring theory.

Main Methods:

  • A novel technique measured perceived illumination and perceived gray values.
  • Observers adjusted illumination levels in a vision tunnel to match perceived brightness.
  • Stimuli varied in luminance range, spatial frequency, and relative area.

Main Results:

  • Perceived illumination was consistently matched to the highest luminance, irrespective of spatial frequency.
  • Changes in the relative area of light and dark shades had complementary effects on perceived illumination and lightness.
  • Enlarging darker shades increased their lightness while decreasing perceived illumination.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support an invariant relationship between surface lightness and perceived illumination.
  • The results provide empirical support for Koffka's hypothesis on the coupling of lightness and perceived illumination.
  • Perceived illumination can now be systematically incorporated into anchoring theory, extending its scope beyond surface lightness.