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Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking
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Choosing efficient actions: Deciding where to walk.

Sally A Linkenauger1, Veronica Weser2, Dennis R Proffitt2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Humans often choose inefficient straight paths up hills, deviating from bioenergetically optimal zigzag routes. While motor experience improves path selection for steep inclines, it can decrease efficiency on shallower slopes, revealing a consistent straight path bias.

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Area of Science:

  • Human locomotion
  • Biomechanics
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Humans evolved as endurance animals, favoring energy efficiency in locomotion.
  • Path selection for ascending hills can significantly impact energy expenditure.
  • Optimal paths are not always the most direct, especially on steep gradients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether humans make bioenergetically efficient path selection decisions when ascending hills.
  • To assess the impact of virtual and real-world environments on path choice.
  • To determine the effect of motor experience on optimizing locomotion energy expenditure.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted involving virtual and real-world environments.
  • Participants adjusted path angles and selected between paths to minimize energy expenditure.
  • Motor experience was gained via an incline trainer before path selection judgments.

Main Results:

  • Participants consistently chose straighter paths over bioenergetically optimal zigzag paths for steep hills.
  • Motor experience increased the likelihood of choosing optimal paths on steep hills.
  • Motor experience led to less optimal path choices on shallower hills.

Conclusions:

  • Individuals exhibit a 'straight path bias' when deciding how to ascend hills, prioritizing directness over energy efficiency.
  • Motor experience can influence path selection, but not always towards greater bioenergetic efficiency.
  • Understanding these biases is crucial for optimizing human movement and energy conservation.