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Antiphospholipid Antibodies: Their Origin and Development.

Karl J Lackner1, Nadine Müller-Calleja2

  • 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, D-55101 Mainz, Germany. karl.lackner@unimedizin-mainz.de.

Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland)
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Summary

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are linked to antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), but not all aPL are pathogenic. This review explores the origins and development of aPL using human and animal studies.

Keywords:
B1 B cellsantiphospholipid antibodiesinnate immunitynatural antibodies

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hematology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are key indicators of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a primary cause of acquired thrombophilia.
  • While aPL are generally considered pathogenic in APS, evidence suggests some aPL, like those associated with syphilis, do not contribute to APS manifestations.
  • The pathogenic role of aPL has been extensively studied, yet their origin and developmental processes remain less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current knowledge on the origin and development of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL).
  • To differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic aPL based on existing research.
  • To consolidate findings from both human and animal studies regarding aPL development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on antiphospholipid antibodies.
  • Analysis of data from human and animal models investigating aPL origins.
  • Synthesis of current understanding regarding aPL pathogenesis and development.

Main Results:

  • Established that not all antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are pathogenic, with some aPL (e.g., in syphilis) lacking association with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) clinical features.
  • Highlighted a significant knowledge gap concerning the origin and developmental pathways of aPL, despite extensive research on their pathogenic roles.
  • Compiled evidence from diverse studies to provide a comprehensive overview of aPL development.

Conclusions:

  • Not all antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are equally pathogenic in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).
  • Further research into the origin and development of aPL is crucial for a complete understanding of APS.
  • This review consolidates current knowledge, emphasizing the need for continued investigation into aPL development from both human and animal studies.