Combination of Efficiency with Easiness, Speed, and Cheapness in Development of Sensitive Electrochemical Sensors

Nowadays, electrochemical techniques can be considered as a suitable alternative technique besides UV/Vis spectroscopy, liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectroscopy, NMR for evaluation and determination of different electroactive compounds. Solid electrodes such as carbon and metal-based substrates are common for electrochemical applications. Especially, during two past decades, different types of modified electrodes with these solid electrodes have been developed for fast, sensitive, and selective analysis of various important analyses (biomolecules, enzymes, and drugs) in a wide range of real samples. These applications are highly efficient, cost effective and facile fabrication procedures of the electrode modification can be employed. In the present review, at first, some recently developed high performance bare and modified electrodes are evaluated based on their outstanding properties. In the next step, developed new procedures or fabricated modified electrodes with good sensitivity based on simple and cheap protocols are introduced and discussed.