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Related Concept Videos

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

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In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

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A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

2.2K
Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

4.6K
In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Peroxide-Promoted Disassembly Reassembly of Zr-Polyoxocations.

James A Sommers1, Danielle C Hutchison1, Nicolas P Martin1

  • 1Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered two new zirconium/hafnium cluster topologies by adding peroxide to zirconium oxyperchlorate solutions. These novel polycations, Zr₅ and Zr₄, expand the known structures for inorganic nanolithography and catalysis applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Zirconium/hafnium (Zr/Hf) aqueous-acid clusters are crucial for applications like inorganic nanolithography, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), catalysis, and nuclear fuel reprocessing.
  • Only two Zr/Hf cluster topologies were previously known, limiting their potential applications.
  • The ubiquitous square polyoxocation (Zr₅) is formed from Zr/Hf oxysalts, but its structure in perchlorate solutions was debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore new Zr/Hf cluster topologies beyond the two previously identified.
  • To investigate the effect of peroxide addition on Zr/Hf oxyperchlorate solutions.
  • To characterize the structures and formation pathways of novel Zr/Hf clusters.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the precise structures of the newly formed clusters.
  • Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis elucidated formation pathways in aqueous solutions.
  • Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) provided insights into cluster fragmentation and speciation.

Main Results:

  • Two new Zr/Hf cluster topologies were synthesized and characterized: Zr₅, a pentagonal assembly ([Zr₂₅O₁₀(OH)₅₀(O₂)₅(H₂O)₄₀](ClO₄)₁₀·xH₂O), and Zr₄, an oxo-centered tetrahedron ([Zr₄(OH)₄(μ-O₂)₂(μ₄-O)(H₂O)₁₂](ClO₄)₆·xH₂O).
  • Zr₅ represents the largest Zr/Hf cluster topology to date and is soluble in organic solvents.
  • The study revealed unusual assembly mechanisms, including the solid-state assembly of Zr₅ from smaller oligomers and peroxide-promoted disassembly pathways for both clusters.

Conclusions:

  • The addition of peroxide to Zr oxyperchlorate solutions successfully yields novel Zr/Hf cluster topologies, significantly expanding the known structural diversity.
  • The formation and disassembly pathways of these clusters are influenced by peroxide concentration and solution acidity.
  • These findings open new avenues for synthesizing and utilizing group IV polycations in various advanced applications.