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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Aging01:26

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Assessing Iron Deposition in the Brains of 5xFAD Mice by Perls'/DAB Staining
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Alzheimer's Pathogenesis, Metal-Mediated Redox Stress, and Potential Nanotheranostics.

Willam T Wang1, Breeya A Tailor2, David S Cohen2

  • 1Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.

EC Pharmacology and Toxicology
|October 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Alzheimer

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s DiseaseAβ AmyloidBiometalsBlood-Brain BarrierMetal ChelatorsNanotheranosticsRedox StressTau Protein

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and neuronal loss.
  • Biometal dyshomeostasis contributes to neuroinflammation, oxidative damage, and neuronal death in AD.
  • Environmental and genetic factors' roles in AD progression require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the link between biometal dyshomeostasis and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
  • To identify key pathways affected by abnormal metal accumulation and oxidative stress in AD.
  • To review nanotheranostic agents for potential AD treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on biometal dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer's disease.
  • Analysis of pathways linking metal ions, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) to AD pathology.
  • Review of nanotechnology applications for AD theranostics.

Main Results:

  • Abnormal biometal accumulation in AD brain parenchyma correlates with increased ROS/RNS.
  • Three major pathways identified: direct cellular damage, Aβ/NFT oligomerization, and apoptosis via NF-κB signaling.
  • Nanotheranostic agents show promise for AD diagnosis and therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Biometal dyshomeostasis is a significant factor in Alzheimer's disease progression.
  • Targeting metal-related oxidative stress and related pathways offers therapeutic potential.
  • Nanotechnology presents novel avenues for developing advanced Alzheimer's theranostics.