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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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Overview of the Skull01:08

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

259

Craniosynostosis and ENT.

V Couloigner1, S Ayari Khalfallah2

  • 1Pediatric ENT Department, centre de référence malformations rares en ORL (MALO), université Paris Descartes, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.

Neuro-Chirurgie
|October 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Craniosynostosis (CS) is linked to significant ENT issues, including airway obstruction and hearing loss. Early and regular ENT evaluations are crucial for managing these conditions in affected children.

Keywords:
CraniosynostosisCrouzonDeafnessHearing lossOSASSleep apnea

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Craniosynostosis (CS) is a congenital condition involving premature fusion of skull sutures.
  • CS can lead to craniofacial abnormalities impacting the upper airway and hearing structures.
  • ENT disorders are common but often underdiagnosed in children with CS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) disorders in craniosynostosis (CS).
  • To focus on the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of these associated ENT conditions.
  • To emphasize the importance of regular ENT monitoring for children with CS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search using PubMed with keywords: craniosynostosis, ENT, apneas, OSAS, sleep-disordered breathing, tonsillectomy, deafness, hearing loss.
  • Analysis of retrieved publications focusing on ENT manifestations in CS patients.

Main Results:

  • Key ENT issues in CS include upper airway obstruction and hearing loss (e.g., otitis media with effusion, sensorineural hearing loss).
  • Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAS) affects 7-67% of CS children, often due to midface stenosis.
  • Hearing impairment, primarily otitis media with effusion, is frequent; sensorineural hearing loss is noted in Muenke syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • Children with CS frequently experience significant ENT disorders, particularly airway obstruction and hearing loss.
  • Yearly ENT assessments are recommended for early detection and management of these conditions in CS patients.
  • Timely intervention for OSAS and hearing impairment can improve outcomes for children with craniosynostosis.