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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

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Functional Cognitive Disorder: Diagnostic Challenges and Future Directions.

Catherine Pennington1,2, Harriet Ball3, Marta Swirski4

  • 1ReMemBr Group, University of Bristol, Bristol Brain Centre, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK. c.pennington@nhs.net.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional cognitive disorder (FCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) show similar cognitive assessment results, but FCD patients are younger. Differentiating FCD from early neurodegeneration is crucial.

Keywords:
functional cognitive disorderfunctional neurological disorder cognitionmild cognitive impairmentneurodegeneration

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Functional cognitive disorder (FCD) involves subjective cognitive complaints without a clear disease process, often with discrepancies between self-reported and objective cognitive function.
  • Diagnosing FCD can be challenging, posing a risk of misdiagnosis with early-stage neurodegenerative conditions like mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
  • The etiology of FCD is heterogeneous, with potential links to underlying psychological factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare neuropsychological findings in individuals with functional cognitive disorder (FCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy controls.
  • To investigate the diagnostic challenges and controversies surrounding functional cognitive disorder.
  • To identify potential areas for future research in FCD.

Main Methods:

  • Neuropsychological assessments were conducted on three groups: FCD, MCI, and healthy controls.
  • Participants were recruited from a specialized clinic and a national research registry.
  • Cognitive functioning was evaluated using standardized tests, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).

Main Results:

  • Both FCD and MCI groups reported elevated prospective and retrospective memory symptoms compared to controls.
  • Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) performance was similar between FCD and MCI groups, with both showing impairment relative to controls.
  • The FCD group was observed to be younger than the MCI group.

Conclusions:

  • Neuropsychological performance, particularly on the MoCA, can be similarly impaired in FCD and MCI, complicating differential diagnosis.
  • The younger age of the FCD group compared to MCI may be a distinguishing factor.
  • Further research is needed to refine diagnostic criteria and differentiate FCD from early neurodegeneration.