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Related Concept Videos

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains
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PTEN in Chromatin Remodeling.

Jingyi Yang1, Yuxin Yin1,2

  • 1Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|October 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The tumor suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) regulates gene expression and chromatin dynamics. Loss of PTEN impacts genomic stability and cellular proliferation, highlighting its nuclear functions in cancer prevention.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • The tumor suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) is frequently mutated in human cancers.
  • PTEN plays critical roles in both the cytoplasm and nucleus to prevent tumorigenesis.
  • Nuclear PTEN's function in maintaining genomic stability and regulating gene expression is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of PTEN's roles in controlling chromatin dynamics and global gene expression.
  • To highlight the crucial function of nuclear PTEN in these processes.
  • To introduce recent discoveries regarding PTEN family members and their functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on PTEN.
  • Analysis of PTEN's interactions with chromatin and gene regulatory mechanisms.
  • Discussion of PTEN family members and their associated functions.

Main Results:

  • PTEN antagonizes the PI3K/AKT pathway in the cytoplasm, suppressing proliferation and survival.
  • Nuclear PTEN is essential for genomic stability.
  • PTEN loss causes significant alterations in global gene expression at the transcriptional level.
  • PTEN influences chromatin dynamics, involving linker histone H1 and the chromatosome structure.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear PTEN is crucial for maintaining genomic stability and regulating gene expression through chromatin dynamics.
  • Understanding PTEN's multifaceted roles, including its nuclear functions, is vital for cancer research and therapy.
  • Further research into PTEN family members may reveal new therapeutic targets.