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Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries
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CPP-ACP and Fluoride: A Synergism to Combat Caries.

Prabhakar Attiguppe1, Neetu Malik1, Shivani Ballal1

  • 1Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India.

International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry
|October 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary

MI varnish, combining casein phosphopeptide (CPP)-amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) with fluoride, shows enhanced demineralization inhibition and antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans. This minimally invasive approach offers promising caries prevention potential.

Keywords:
Casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP)FluorideFluoride varnishMI varnish

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Area of Science:

  • Dental materials science
  • Caries prevention research
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Dental caries remains a significant public health concern, necessitating effective preventive strategies.
  • Fluoride varnishes are established caries preventive agents, but their efficacy can be enhanced.
  • Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) has shown remineralization potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the demineralization inhibitory effect of MI varnish and Fluor Protector varnish.
  • To evaluate and compare fluoride release profiles of both varnishes.
  • To assess the antibacterial properties of MI varnish and Fluor Protector varnish against Streptococcus mutans.

Main Methods:

  • Human premolars were sectioned to evaluate demineralization inhibition using polarized light microscopy.
  • Fluoride release was measured using a fluoride-specific ion electrode at varying time intervals.
  • Antibacterial susceptibility was determined via the disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method.

Main Results:

  • MI varnish demonstrated a statistically significant (p<0.01) superior demineralization inhibitory effect compared to Fluor Protector.
  • Both varnishes exhibited significant fluoride release over time, with MI varnish showing a potentially more sustained release.
  • MI varnish displayed enhanced antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans.

Conclusions:

  • The combination of CPP-ACP with fluoride in MI varnish enhances its caries preventive potential.
  • MI varnish exhibits superior demineralization inhibition and antibacterial properties compared to Fluor Protector.
  • MI varnish represents a promising, minimally invasive option for effective caries prevention.