Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

751
Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
751
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

1.6K
The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
1.6K
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

847
Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
847
Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles01:29

Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles

5.4K
The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it depolarizes the membrane and opens voltage-gated sodium channels. Sodium ions enter the cell, further depolarizing the presynaptic membrane. This depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open....
5.4K
Muscles of the Thorax01:25

Muscles of the Thorax

3.4K
The thorax muscles are central to the body's respiration and provide essential support and movement for the upper body. They are intricately designed to facilitate the complex breathing process while also contributing to the structural integrity and mobility of the chest and upper limbs.
The diaphragm is at the core of thoracic musculature, the primary muscle involved in breathing. This expansive, dome-shaped muscle marks the division between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It...
3.4K
Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy01:21

Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy

2.3K
Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
2.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Longitudinal changes in radiomic features of skeletal muscle on CT images with changes in muscle strength and physical performance in older adults.

The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences·2026
Same author

A single site, multi-operator precision study for second-generation HR-pQCT.

JBMR plus·2026
Same author

How Is U.S. Food-Insecurity Related to Dietary Quality? A Scoping Review to Inform Nutrition Security Across the Lifespan.

Nutrients·2026
Same author

Validation and application of automated CT analysis to musculoskeletal profiling in MVC occupants.

Traffic injury prevention·2026
Same author

Leveraging questionnaire-based physical activity levels (PAL) and the Goldberg method to evaluate the biological plausibility of self-reported energy intake: A doubly labeled water validation study.

American journal of epidemiology·2026
Same author

HR-pQCT skeletal phenotype clustering associated with muscle function in older men and women: The Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA).

Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research·2026
Same journal

The SGLT2i "canagliflozin" and the DPP-4i "sitagliptin" mitigate hypertensive nephropathy in adult male rats by modulating the Ang II/RAGE/Nox4/NLRP3 cascade.

Frontiers in physiology·2026
Same journal

Integrated anthropometric correlates of planned change-of-direction performance (T-test) in male badminton players: a partial least squares regression study.

Frontiers in physiology·2026
Same journal

From biaxial tests to cardiac digital twins: a morphomechanics agenda for passive myocardium.

Frontiers in physiology·2026
Same journal

A gradient-based optimization model for predicting decompression sickness risk.

Frontiers in physiology·2026
Same journal

What role does the Notch signaling pathway play in exercise-related metabolic and neurological adaptations? A molecular-to-systems perspective.

Frontiers in physiology·2026
Same journal

Variation in skin barrier function throughout smoltification in Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>).

Frontiers in physiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform
11:08

Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform

Published on: January 13, 2019

12.8K

Neck Muscle Changes Following Long-Duration Spaceflight.

Kyle P McNamara1,2, Katelyn A Greene1,2, Janet A Tooze3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center of Injury Biomechanics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.

Frontiers in Physiology
|October 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-duration spaceflight surprisingly preserved most neck muscles and increased the size of the trapezius, semispinalis capitis, sternocleidomastoid, and rhomboid minor muscles. This suggests cervical muscles may resist microgravity

Keywords:
advanced resistive exercise deviceastronautcervical musclecosmonautcross-sectional areamagnetic resonance imagingmicrogravitymuscle hypertrophy

More Related Videos

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography Micro-CT Imaging Method
09:11

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography Micro-CT Imaging Method

Published on: October 27, 2020

6.1K
Mimicking a Space Mission to Mars Using Hindlimb Unloading and Partial Weight Bearing in Rats
05:54

Mimicking a Space Mission to Mars Using Hindlimb Unloading and Partial Weight Bearing in Rats

Published on: April 4, 2019

11.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform
11:08

Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform

Published on: January 13, 2019

12.8K
Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography Micro-CT Imaging Method
09:11

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography Micro-CT Imaging Method

Published on: October 27, 2020

6.1K
Mimicking a Space Mission to Mars Using Hindlimb Unloading and Partial Weight Bearing in Rats
05:54

Mimicking a Space Mission to Mars Using Hindlimb Unloading and Partial Weight Bearing in Rats

Published on: April 4, 2019

11.2K

Area of Science:

  • Space physiology
  • Human physiology
  • Exercise science

Background:

  • Long-duration spaceflight effects on crewmember neck musculature are understudied.
  • Understanding these effects is crucial for astronaut health and mission success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate changes in neck musculature cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle fat infiltration (MFI) after long-duration spaceflight.
  • To assess the impact of the advanced resistive exercise device (aRED) on neck muscle adaptations.

Main Methods:

  • Pre- and post-flight magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of six crewmembers on 4- to 6-month missions.
  • Resliced MRI images to standardize spinal curvature; measured bilateral CSA and MFI at specific intervertebral disc levels.
  • Calculated percent changes and used mixed models to assess statistical significance.

Main Results:

  • Significant increases in CSA observed for trapezius (25.1%), semispinalis capitis (11.5%), sternocleidomastoid (9.0%), and rhomboid minor (23.1%) muscles.
  • No significant changes in CSA for levator scapulae, splenius capitis, and other measured cervical muscles.
  • No statistically significant changes in muscle fat infiltration (MFI) were detected for any analyzed neck muscles.

Conclusions:

  • Long-duration spaceflight, particularly with aRED use, is associated with preserved or increased CSA in key neck muscles.
  • Cervical muscles may exhibit greater resilience to microgravity-induced degradation compared to other muscle groups.
  • Findings suggest that specific neck muscles adapt positively, potentially mitigating some negative effects of spaceflight.