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Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
Published on: November 15, 2013
Quadrillion F-Theory Compactifications with the Exact Chiral Spectrum of the Standard Model
Mirjam Cvetič1,2, James Halverson3, Ling Lin1
1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, USA.
Abstract:
We present O(10^{15}) string compactifications with the exact chiral spectrum of the standard model of particle physics. This ensemble of globally consistent F-theory compactifications automatically realizes gauge coupling unification. Utilizing the power of algebraic geometry, all global consistency conditions can be reduced to a single criterion on the base of the underlying elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau fourfolds. For toric bases, this criterion only depends on an associated polytope and is satisfied for at least O(10^{15}) bases, each of which defines a distinct compactification.
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