Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

13.2K
The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
13.2K
Vagina01:26

Vagina

26.9K
The vaginal canal is a tubular structure averaging about 10 cm in length that acts as the entryway to the female reproductive system and the passageway for menstrual flow and childbirth. The interior walls of the vagina exhibit concentric folds called rugae and are topped by an area known as the fornix, which connects with the protruding cervical portion of the uterus. This canal is comprised of an external fibrous layer, a muscular middle layer, and an inner lining with mucosal rugae, which...
26.9K
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

3.8K
The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
3.8K
Confounding in Epidemiological Studies01:27

Confounding in Epidemiological Studies

550
Confounding in statistical epidemiology represents a pivotal challenge, referring to the distortion in the perceived relationship between an exposure and an outcome due to the presence of a third variable, known as a confounder. This variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not a direct link in their causal chain. Its presence can lead to erroneous interpretations of the exposure's effect, either exaggerating or underestimating the true association. This...
550
Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

1.2K
Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

CD138 expression in the endometrium associates with endometrial timing and inflammatory status but not microbiota composition.

Human reproduction (Oxford, England)·2026
Same author

Late-Onset Preeclampsia is characterised by Accelerated Placental Aging.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Mapping Chemical-Gene Interactions for Developmental Lethality and Pregnancy Loss.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025
Same author

Characterisation and comparison of semen microbiota and bacterial load in men with infertility, recurrent miscarriage, or proven fertility.

eLife·2025
Same author

Dynamic roles of ILC3 in endometrial repair and regeneration.

Discovery immunology·2025
Same author

Lactobacillus crispatus S-layer proteins modulate innate immune response and inflammation in the lower female reproductive tract.

Nature communications·2024
Same journal

Impact of a Structured Caesarean Reduction Strategy on Perinatal Outcomes: A Retrospective Ecological Time-Trend Study.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2026
Same journal

Long-Term Outcomes After Retropubic and Transobturator Sling Procedures: Reoperation for Recurrent Stress Urinary Incontinence.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2026
Same journal

First Trimester Screening for Preterm Preeclampsia in the United Kingdom: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2026
Same journal

Correction to "The Management of Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum (Green-Top Guideline No. 69)".

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2026
Same journal

Large Language Models on European Guidelines for Cervical Cancer: Implications of Design and Clinical Applicability.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2026
Same journal

Internal Consistency of the Hadlock Estimated Fetal Weight Reference: Methodological Analysis.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Models of Murine Vaginal Colonization by Anaerobically Grown Bacteria
08:53

Models of Murine Vaginal Colonization by Anaerobically Grown Bacteria

Published on: May 25, 2022

4.4K

The association between vaginal bacterial composition and miscarriage: a nested case-control study.

M Al-Memar1,2, S Bobdiwala1,2, H Fourie1,2,3

  • 1Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Imperial College London, London, UK.

BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
|October 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reduced vaginal Lactobacillus species and increased bacterial diversity in early pregnancy are linked to first trimester miscarriage. This suboptimal vaginal microbiota composition may be a modifiable risk factor, established before diagnosis.

Keywords:
First trimester miscarriagesecond trimester miscarriagevaginal bacteriavaginal microbiome

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Revolutionizing Research on Vaginal Microbiome Interactions Using a Vaginal Chip
08:15

Author Spotlight: Revolutionizing Research on Vaginal Microbiome Interactions Using a Vaginal Chip

Published on: February 16, 2024

3.1K
Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice
08:53

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice

Published on: December 4, 2020

6.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Models of Murine Vaginal Colonization by Anaerobically Grown Bacteria
08:53

Models of Murine Vaginal Colonization by Anaerobically Grown Bacteria

Published on: May 25, 2022

4.4K
Author Spotlight: Revolutionizing Research on Vaginal Microbiome Interactions Using a Vaginal Chip
08:15

Author Spotlight: Revolutionizing Research on Vaginal Microbiome Interactions Using a Vaginal Chip

Published on: February 16, 2024

3.1K
Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice
08:53

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice

Published on: December 4, 2020

6.7K

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Microbiome research
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Vaginal microbiota plays a crucial role in reproductive health.
  • Dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome has been implicated in various pregnancy complications.
  • Understanding the early pregnancy vaginal bacterial composition is vital for identifying miscarriage risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the vaginal bacterial composition in early pregnancy.
  • To investigate the association between vaginal microbiota and first and second trimester miscarriages.
  • To determine if early pregnancy vaginal bacterial composition is an independent risk factor for miscarriage.

Main Methods:

  • A nested case-control study was conducted with 161 pregnancies.
  • Vaginal bacteria composition was profiled using 16S rRNA gene-based metataxonomics from 5 weeks' gestation.
  • Pregnancies were categorized into first trimester miscarriage, second trimester miscarriage, and term deliveries, matched for key demographic factors.

Main Results:

  • First trimester miscarriage was associated with reduced prevalence of Lactobacillus spp.-dominated microbiota (65.6% vs 87.7%).
  • Miscarriage groups exhibited higher alpha diversity and richness compared to viable pregnancies.
  • These microbial differences were observable before clinical diagnosis of miscarriage and independent of vaginal bleeding.

Conclusions:

  • Suboptimal vaginal bacterial composition, characterized by reduced Lactobacillus spp. and increased diversity, is associated with first trimester miscarriage.
  • This dysbiosis is established in early pregnancy and may represent a modifiable risk factor.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the causal mechanisms and therapeutic potential.