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Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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When a force is applied parallel to the top surface of a solid, it resists the applied force due to the internal frictional forces between the layers of the solid known as shearing resistance. However, when the force is removed, the shearing forces restore the original shape of the solid. Other deformation forces also cause temporary changes in shape if the forces are not beyond a threshold magnitude. Solids tend to retain their shape, making the study of their rest and motion easier. Beyond...
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Fluids differ from solids primarily in their molecular structure and stress response. Solids have tightly packed molecules with strong intermolecular forces, maintaining their shape and resisting deformation. In contrast, fluids have molecules spaced farther apart with weaker forces, allowing them to flow and deform easily.
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Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
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Viscosity measures the resistance a fluid offers to flow and deformation. It results from internal friction between layers of fluid moving relative to one another. Dynamic viscosity, denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ), quantifies the force needed to move one fluid layer over another. For Newtonian fluids like water and air, the relationship between the shearing stress and the rate of shearing strain is linear, meaning their viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied stress.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology
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Superfluidity inside carbon nanotubes.

Leonid V Mirantsev1

  • 1Institute for Problems of Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199178, Bolshoi 61, V. O., St. Petersburg, Russia.

Physical Review. E
|October 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Argon atoms confined in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) exhibit ordered structures and collective flow. Under specific conditions, these flows become ballistic and frictionless, mimicking superfluid behavior due to the nanotube

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Confining fluids within nanostructures can alter their bulk properties.
  • Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) offer unique environments for studying confined matter.
  • Understanding fluid behavior at the nanoscale is crucial for developing novel applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the equilibrium structures and flow dynamics of nonpolar argon atoms within SWCNTs.
  • To compare the behavior of argon in SWCNTs with circular and rectangular cross-sections of equal area.
  • To identify and characterize different flow regimes under external driving forces.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to model argon atoms confined in SWCNTs.

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  • Simulations considered SWCNTs with both circular and rectangular (1:4 aspect ratio) cross-sections.
  • External driving forces were applied to study collective atomic movement and flow regimes.

    • Main Results:

    • Argon atoms self-organized into spatially ordered structures within SWCNTs.
    • Two distinct flow regimes were observed: finite velocity flow and unlimited velocity (ballistic) flow.
    • Ballistic frictionless flow, resembling superfluidity, occurred in the second regime when the driving force exceeded a critical value.
    • This frictionless flow was attributed to the crystalline structure of the SWCNT walls.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystalline structure of SWCNTs is key to enabling collective frictionless ballistic flow of confined argon.
    • Rectangular SWCNTs with specific aspect ratios can support ordered structures and unique flow behaviors.
    • The findings suggest potential for SWCNTs in applications requiring frictionless transport of matter at the nanoscale.