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Non-toxic printed supercapacitors operating in sub-zero conditions.

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Glycerol improves the low-temperature performance of aqueous supercapacitors, maintaining capacitance and reducing leakage current. Optimized glycerol concentrations enhance functionality in freezing conditions for energy storage.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Aqueous supercapacitors are safe for energy storage but limited by low-temperature performance.
  • Developing wider operating temperature ranges is crucial for energy harvesting applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate glycerol as a non-toxic antifreeze for aqueous electrolytes in supercapacitors.
  • To determine the optimal glycerol concentration for low-temperature supercapacitor operation.

Main Methods:

  • Stencil-printed supercapacitors with graphite/activated carbon electrodes on PET substrates were fabricated.
  • Electrolytes used a sodium chloride solution with varying glycerol concentrations.
  • Devices were tested for electrical performance from room temperature down to -30°C.

Main Results:

  • Glycerol addition significantly improved low-temperature performance compared to pure water electrolytes.
  • Capacitance retention was good, and leakage current was substantially reduced with glycerol.
  • Equivalent series resistance emerged as the primary limitation at reduced temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • Glycerol is a promising non-toxic additive for enhancing the low-temperature range of printed supercapacitors.
  • 30-40% glycerol concentrations are optimal for commercial freezer temperatures, while 45% is better below -20°C.
  • This work expands the applicability of safe, printed supercapacitors for energy storage in cold environments.