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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Indirect Fabrication of Lattice Metals with Thin Sections Using Centrifugal Casting
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Shape-shifting structured lattices via multimaterial 4D printing.

J William Boley1,2,3, Wim M van Rees2,4, Charles Lissandrello5

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

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Rotational 3D printing of active-passive filaments and lattices with programmable shape morphing.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed 4-dimensional (4D) printing for shape-morphing materials. This method precisely controls material properties and geometry for complex, programmable 3D transformations.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Designing shape-morphing materials is complex due to challenges in controlling the metric tensor in space and time.
  • Existing methods struggle with precise control over material properties and geometric configurations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for creating shape-morphing structured materials with precise control over their transformations.
  • To overcome the limitations in designing and fabricating complex, programmable shape-shifting materials.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a combination of multiple materials, geometry, and 4-dimensional (4D) printing.
  • Developed printable inks with elastomeric matrices and anisotropic fillers for tunable elastic modulus and thermal expansion.
Keywords:
4D printingmultimaterialshape shifting

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  • Designed lattices with curved bilayer ribs, programmed for local control over the metric tensor and extrinsic curvature.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully created structured heterogeneous lattices capable of complex 3D shape changes in response to temperature.
    • Demonstrated the ability to programmatically control the metric tensor and extrinsic curvature using multiplexed bilayer ribs.
    • Printed functional prototypes, including frequency-shifting antennae and a human face, showcasing geometric complexity and functionality.

    Conclusions:

    • The inverse geometric design and multimaterial 4D printing approach enables unprecedented control over shape-morphing materials.
    • This method is extendable to various stimuli-responsive materials and cell designs for scalable, reversible shape-shifting structures.
    • The developed technique offers a powerful platform for creating advanced functional materials with complex, programmable form changes.