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Advancing Coordinated Cyber-investigations and Tool Interoperability using a Community Developed Specification

Eoghan Casey¹, Sean Barnum², Ryan Griffith³

¹University of Lausanne, Switzerland.

Digital Investigation

|October 4, 2019

Summary

Cyber-investigation Analysis Standard Expression (CASE) is a new open standard for harmonizing cyber-investigation data exchange and tool interoperability. It enables better data fusion and sharing across organizations for more comprehensive analysis.

Keywords:

CybOX Cyber-investigation DFAX DFXML Digital evidence exchange Digital forensics Evidence provenance Information sharing Specification language Standard representation Unified cyber ontology

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Published on: June 13, 2025

Area of Science:

Computer Science
Cybersecurity
Digital Forensics

Background:

Current methods for cyber-investigation data exchange are inadequate for multi-source, large-scale data.
Lack of standardization hinders tool interoperability and comprehensive analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

Introduce the Cyber-investigation Analysis Standard Expression (CASE) as a community-developed specification language.
Promote information exchange and tool interoperability in cyber-investigations.
Provide a structured format for representing and sharing cyber-investigation data and knowledge.

Main Methods:

Developed CASE as an open, community-driven specification language.
Aligned CASE with and extended the Unified Cyber Ontology (UCO).
Built upon the Hansken data model and evolved from the Digital Forensic Analysis eXpression (DFAX).
Demonstrated proof-of-concept implementation using the plaso forensic framework.

Main Results:

CASE enables fusion of information from diverse sources, organizations, and tools.
Provides structured representation for technical details, relationships, and data handling processes.
Supports data marking for different trust levels and protection of sensitive information.
Facilitates sharing of knowledge, including patterns of activity.

Conclusions:

CASE offers a flexible and extensible solution for advancing cyber-investigation sharing, interoperability, and analysis.
Encourages community participation in the development and implementation of CASE and UCO.
CASE represents a significant step towards more cohesive and effective digital investigations.