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Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
Published on: February 8, 2022
1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure is a fundamental pediatric cardiac surgery. Surgeons must master anatomical assessment, defect exposure, and secure suturing techniques for successful VSD repair and complication avoidance.
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