Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is...

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy. SP binds and activates...

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...

Antidotes

Antidotes

Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
Specific antidotes operate by inhibiting the enzymes that control biochemical pathways, reducing the production of harmful metabolites.
An example of an antidote is atropine, which counteracts the detrimental effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. It achieves this by deactivating muscarinic receptors,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Sulfur mustard: a liquid, not a gas.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2011

Same author

Case report: Long-term cognitive sequelae of sarin exposure.

Neurotoxicology·2009

Same author

Neurological problems of famous musicians: the classical genre.

Journal of child neurology·2009

Same author

Liquid sulfur mustard exposure.

Military medicine·2007

Same author

Vitamin D and Parkinson's disease--a hypothesis.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society·2007

Same author

Nerve agents.

The neurologist·2007

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity

Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity

Published on: April 26, 2012

Therapy for acute nerve agent poisoning: An update.

Jonathan Newmark¹

¹Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University; and Department of Neurology, Washington DC Veterans' Affairs Medical Center.

Neurology. Clinical Practice

|October 5, 2019

Summary

Neurologists can now access faster acute nerve agent poisoning treatments, including new seizure medications. Increased civilian familiarity with management principles is vital due to rising nefarious nerve agent use.

More Related Videos

Direct Vagus Nerve Injection Protocol For Rats

Direct Vagus Nerve Injection Protocol For Rats

Published on: March 14, 2025

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Published on: May 26, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity

Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity

Published on: April 26, 2012

Direct Vagus Nerve Injection Protocol For Rats

Direct Vagus Nerve Injection Protocol For Rats

Published on: March 14, 2025

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

Neurology
Toxicology
Emergency Medicine

Background:

The last comprehensive review of acute nerve agent poisoning in neurology literature was in 2004.
Neurologists frequently serve as expert consultants for non-neurologist colleagues in managing such poisonings.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an updated review of acute nerve agent poisoning, focusing on advancements since 2004.
To inform neurologists and other medical professionals about current therapeutic strategies and management principles.

Main Methods:

Review of recent FDA approvals for antidotal therapies.
Analysis of changes in information accessibility for acute poisoning management.
Assessment of the evolving landscape of nerve agent use and its implications.

Main Results:

The FDA has approved dual-dose autoinjectors, simplifying and accelerating acute antidotal therapy.
Midazolam is now FDA-approved for seizure treatment and is expected to replace diazepam in autoinjectors.
Real-time access to acute therapy information has significantly improved through initiatives by the National Library of Medicine and the American College of Medical Toxicology.

Conclusions:

Antidotal therapy for nerve agent poisoning has evolved, with improved administration methods and new seizure treatments.
Civilian healthcare providers demonstrate increased familiarity with nerve agent management.
The rise in nefarious nerve agent use presents an ongoing challenge, underscoring the importance of these therapeutic advancements.