Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

9.3K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
9.3K
Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

5.2K
Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
5.2K
Vision01:24

Vision

59.2K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
59.2K
Visual System01:26

Visual System

1.6K
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
1.6K
Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

3.6K
The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
3.6K
The Retina01:32

The Retina

74.0K
The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
74.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Glymphatic dysfunction is unlikely to cause idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Headache·2026
Same author

The Glymphatic System in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2026
Same author

Perivascular Diffusivity Suggests Dynamic and Modifiable Glymphatic Transit in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2026
Same author

Fluoroscopic guidance decreases the risk of post-lumbar puncture headache in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same author

FABP7 is increased in progressive multiple sclerosis and induces a pro-inflammatory phenotype in monocytes through a glycolytic switch.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

MRI Indices of Glymphatic Function Correlate With Disease Duration in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2024
Same journal

Key Considerations in Telestroke Program Management.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Neurology's Action Potential: Delivering on the Promise of Brain Health.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Erratum.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Management of Large Artery Atherosclerosis.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy, and Antithrombotic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Stroke in Children and Younger Adults.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
07:26

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

8.6K

The Pupil.

Marc A Bouffard

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |October 5, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Pupillary function is regulated by the autonomic nervous system, with distinct roles for parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways. Recent discoveries highlight intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

    More Related Videos

    Pupillometry to Assess Auditory Sensation in Guinea Pigs
    09:25

    Pupillometry to Assess Auditory Sensation in Guinea Pigs

    Published on: January 6, 2023

    2.2K
    Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
    07:36

    Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

    Published on: November 30, 2018

    16.3K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jan 6, 2026

    Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
    07:26

    Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

    Published on: November 26, 2019

    8.6K
    Pupillometry to Assess Auditory Sensation in Guinea Pigs
    09:25

    Pupillometry to Assess Auditory Sensation in Guinea Pigs

    Published on: January 6, 2023

    2.2K
    Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
    07:36

    Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

    Published on: November 30, 2018

    16.3K

    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Neuroscience
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • The pupil's size and reactivity are crucial indicators of neurological and ocular health.
    • Understanding pupillary light reflexes involves photoreceptors (rods, cones) and the autonomic nervous system.

    Observation:

    • A third class of photoreceptor, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), utilizes melanopsin.
    • ipRGCs mediate pupillary responses independently of rods and cones, including the post-illumination pupillary response.

    Findings:

    • The parasympathetic system induces miosis (pupil constriction) via the Edinger-Westphal nuclei in response to light and near stimuli.
    • The sympathetic system induces mydriasis (pupil dilation) in response to arousal, wakefulness, and pain.
    • Abnormalities in pupillary function can manifest as altered size, shape, or reactivity.

    Implications:

    • A comprehensive framework for diagnosing pupillary disorders requires integrating knowledge of pupillary anatomy, physiology, and newly discovered photoreceptor roles.
    • Clinical and pharmacologic assessments are essential for evaluating pupillary abnormalities.