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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

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Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

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Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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RAFT-Mediated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly.

Franck D'Agosto1, Jutta Rieger2, Muriel Lansalot1

  • 1Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|October 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) offers a versatile method for creating nanostructures. This review details the mechanism, features, and applications of RAFT-mediated PISA for advanced materials.

Keywords:
PISARAFTblock copolymersheterogeneous polymerizationmorphology

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is a key technique for synthesizing well-defined polymer nanostructures.
  • Reversible-addition fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a powerful controlled radical polymerization method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the fundamentals of the PISA mechanism.
  • To explore the features and limitations of RAFT-mediated PISA.
  • To discuss potential applications of PISA-generated nanomaterials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on PISA and RAFT polymerization.
  • Analysis of the PISA mechanism, focusing on the role of chain growth and self-assembly.
  • Evaluation of component selection, nanoobject morphology, and synthesis control in RAFT-PISA.

Main Results:

  • PISA enables the in-situ formation of various nanoobjects like spheres, worms, and vesicles.
  • RAFT-mediated PISA offers control over molecular weight, composition, and architecture.
  • Limitations include sensitivity to reaction conditions and monomer selection.

Conclusions:

  • RAFT-mediated PISA is a powerful and versatile technique for creating complex polymer nanostructures.
  • Understanding the mechanism and controlling synthesis parameters are crucial for targeted applications.
  • PISA holds significant potential in fields ranging from drug delivery to advanced coatings.