Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 6, 2026
Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Published on: January 20, 2023
Global outcome after traumatic brain injury in a prospective cohort
Rajiv Singh1, Kishor Choudhri2, Saurabh Sinha2
1Health Services Research, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK; Osborn Neurorehabilitation Unit, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, S5 7AU, UK.
Objectives:
Traumatic Brain Injury(TBI) is one of the most common neurosurgical emergencies but the long-term outcome remains unclear. This study investigated the global outcome and return to work after TBI and tried to identify any relationships that exist with injury and demographic features.
Patients & Methods:
1322 consecutive TBI admissions over 4 years, assessed at a specialist neurorehabilitation clinic at 10weeks and 1 yr. The outcomes were Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOSE), return to work, Rivermead Head Injury Follow-up Questionnaire, Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score.
Results:
1 year follow-up was achieved in 1207(91.3%). Mean age was 46.9(SD17.3) and 49.2% had mild TBI. The proportion attaining Good Recovery increased from 25.1% to 42.9% by 1 year. However 11.4% deteriorated in GOSE. Only 28.1% of individuals returned to the same pre-morbid level of work by 10 weeks, improving to 45.9% at 1 year. Over a quarter (25.6%) at 1 year were unable to make any return to work or study. Several demographic and injury variables were associated with these outcomes including TBI severity, social class, past psychiatric history and alcohol intoxication. These may allow targeting of vulnerable individuals.
Conclusions:
In a largely representative TBI population including predominantly mild injury, there is still considerable functional disability at 1 year and many individuals are unable to make any return to pre-morbid vocation.
