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Plastic Deformations01:19

Plastic Deformations

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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Plastic Deformations01:14

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic Deformations of Members with a Single Plane of Symmetry01:21

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When a structural member undergoes plastic deformation due to bending, it is crucial to understand the position of the neutral axis and the stress distribution. This member, characterized by a single plane of symmetry, exhibits a uniform stress distribution, with negative stress above the neutral axis and positive stress below. Notably, the neutral axis does not align with the centroid of the cross-section. This misalignment is typical in cases where the cross-section is not rectangular or...
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Plasticity00:58

Plasticity

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts01:20

Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts

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When materials are subjected to forces that surpass their yield strength, they undergo a process known as plastic deformation. This results in a permanent alteration or strain in their structure. This concept can be specifically applied to circular shafts, where the deformation leads to a change in its shape. The precise evaluation of this plastic deformation requires understanding the stress distribution within the circular shaft, which is achieved by calculating the maximum shearing stress in...
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Neck Deformities in Plastic Surgery.

Neil A Gordon1, Boris Paskhover2, Jacob I Tower3

  • 1New England Surgical Center, The Retreat at Split Rock, 539 Danbury Road, Wilton, CT 06897, USA; Head and Neck Aesthetic Surgery, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
|October 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Facial plastic surgeons can avoid common neck procedure pitfalls by proportionally assessing and treating all neck structures. Understanding superficial versus deep anatomy access prevents overtreatment and undertreatment for balanced aesthetic outcomes.

Keywords:
ComplicationsDeep central neck fatDigastric muscleNeck liftPlatysmaRevisionSubmandibular glandSubplatysma surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Aesthetic Medicine
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Aesthetic neck procedures aim to improve appearance but are prone to complications.
  • Overtreatment or undertreatment of neck components, particularly related to the platysma muscle, leads to aesthetic issues.
  • Minimally invasive techniques introduce novel challenges in neck rejuvenation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide facial plastic surgeons with strategies to avoid and manage common pitfalls in neck procedures.
  • To highlight the importance of proportional assessment and treatment of all neck structures.
  • To address aesthetic imbalances arising from overtreatment or undertreatment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of anatomical landmarks, specifically the platysma muscle, to differentiate superficial and deep structures.
  • Review of common aesthetic concerns and their correlation with surgical approaches.
  • Discussion of strategies for accurate patient assessment and tailored treatment planning.

Main Results:

  • Overtreatment often results from excessive manipulation of superficial structures due to ease of access.
  • Undertreatment and imbalances stem from challenges in accessing and addressing deeper neck components.
  • Proportional treatment of all neck structures is key to achieving optimal and balanced aesthetic results.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate assessment and proportional treatment of superficial and deep neck structures are crucial for successful aesthetic outcomes.
  • Understanding the relationship between anatomical access and potential complications guides surgical decision-making.
  • Adopting comprehensive strategies can mitigate risks associated with both traditional and minimally invasive neck procedures.