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Related Concept Videos

Frost Action on Concrete01:27

Frost Action on Concrete

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Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
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Cold Weather Concreting01:27

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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Concrete's susceptibility to frost damage during freeze-thaw cycles demands strategic measures to enhance its frost resistance. Employing techniques like air entrainment, adjusting the water-cement ratio, proper curing, and selecting appropriate aggregates are essential.
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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
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A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters
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Fall Tillage Reduced Nutrient Loads from Liquid Manure Application during the Freezing Season.

Melanie N Stock, Francisco J Arriaga, Peter A Vadas

    Journal of Environmental Quality
    |October 8, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Fall tillage and timing manure applications to thawed soils significantly reduce nutrient runoff during winter. This helps mitigate agricultural pollution risks associated with winter manure application.

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    Area of Science:

    • Agricultural Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Soil Science

    Background:

    • Agricultural runoff, especially from winter manure application, poses environmental risks.
    • No-tillage systems reduce growing season runoff, but fall tillage may improve winter infiltration.
    • Winter manure application timing impacts runoff due to snow and soil frost conditions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the impact of tillage and manure application timing on winter runoff and nutrient loads.
    • To identify management strategies for reducing nutrient losses during the freezing season.

    Main Methods:

    • Six management treatments were tested in a factorial design over two winters (2015-2017).
    • Treatments included two tillage methods (fall chisel plow vs. no-tillage) and three manure application timings (early December, late January, unmanured).
    • Runoff and nutrient loads were monitored during the freezing season.

    Main Results:

    • Nutrient loads from winter manure application were lower on chisel-plowed soils compared to untilled soils.
    • Manure applied to soils with less frost development resulted in lower nutrient loads.
    • Fall tillage and application timing to thawed soils reduced nutrient loads.

    Conclusions:

    • Wintertime manure applications present a risk for surface nutrient losses.
    • Implementing fall tillage and applying manure during thawed soil conditions can significantly reduce nutrient loads.
    • These findings support strategies for more sustainable winter agricultural management.