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Related Concept Videos

Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Plasticity00:58

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Plastic Behavior01:21

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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Plasticity and recovery of function.

Romain Quentin1, Oluwole Awosika2, Leonardo G Cohen1

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Summary
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The frontal lobe is vital for motor control and learning. Brain plasticity allows skill acquisition, while stability preserves learned motor behaviors throughout life and after injury.

Keywords:
MemoryMotor learningPlasticityRehabilitation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor control
  • Brain plasticity

Background:

  • The frontal lobe, particularly prefrontal regions, matures late and is crucial for human motor behavior.
  • Historically, the brain was viewed as static, but research now emphasizes its plastic, adaptable nature.
  • The stability/plasticity dilemma highlights the need for both change and constancy in brain function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the stability/plasticity dilemma in the context of motor control and learning.
  • To examine how this dilemma is managed across the lifespan and following brain injury.
  • To discuss clinical challenges and neurorehabilitation strategies for patients with brain lesions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical perspectives on brain structure and function.
  • Discussion of documented cortical reorganization at various scales.
  • Analysis of the interplay between plasticity and stability for motor learning and memory.

Main Results:

  • Cortical reorganization occurs across multiple spatial and temporal scales, demonstrating brain plasticity.
  • Motor learning necessitates plasticity, while skill maintenance relies on system stability.
  • The brain resolves the plasticity/stability dilemma throughout life and post-injury.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the stability/plasticity balance is key to effective neurorehabilitation.
  • Neurorehabilitation strategies must address both the capacity for change and the need for stable function.
  • Neurostimulation techniques may enhance recovery when combined with traditional training for brain lesion patients.