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Related Concept Videos

Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Vision01:24

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Plasticity00:58

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Inducing Long-Term Plasticity of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability in Neurons of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
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Inducing Long-Term Plasticity of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability in Neurons of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

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Experience-dependent structural plasticity at pre- and postsynaptic sites of layer 2/3 cells in developing visual

Yujiao Jennifer Sun1, J Sebastian Espinosa1, Mahmood S Hoseini1

  • 1Department of Physiology, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Brain plasticity allows rapid visual cortex reorganization. Monocular deprivation causes postsynaptic spine loss and delayed presynaptic bouton changes, revealing structural bases for experience-dependent visual development.

Keywords:
cortical developmentcortical plasticitycritical periodocular dominancestructural plasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Visual System Research

Background:

  • The developing brain exhibits remarkable plasticity, reorganizing neural circuits in response to sensory input.
  • During critical developmental periods, the primary visual cortex (V1) undergoes significant functional changes, such as altered responsiveness to visual stimuli from each eye.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural basis of experience-dependent plasticity in the primary visual cortex.
  • To correlate synaptic remodeling with functional changes during monocular visual deprivation (MD) and recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 2-photon microscopy to visualize and quantify synaptic structures in layer 2/3 neurons of the mouse V1.
  • Compared anatomical changes in presynaptic and postsynaptic sites between mice undergoing MD and control mice with normal binocular vision.

Main Results:

  • Postsynaptic dendritic spines rapidly remodeled following MD, with increased spine loss observed in neurons favoring the deprived eye.
  • These postsynaptic structural changes mirrored functional alterations in visual responses during MD and subsequent recovery.
  • Presynaptic bouton formation, which normally increases and then declines during the critical period, was delayed and inhibited by MD after 3 days.

Conclusions:

  • Intracortical synaptic remodeling, particularly in postsynaptic structures, provides a structural mechanism for rapid, activity-dependent plasticity in the developing visual cortex.
  • The findings elucidate the anatomical underpinnings of critical period plasticity, linking structural changes to functional recovery after visual experience alterations.