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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

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Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Midazolam anaphylaxis during general anesthesia: A case report.

Yeon Su Jeon1, JinWoo Shim, Eun Hwa Jun

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, St's Vincent Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

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|October 9, 2019
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Midazolam, a common sedative, can rarely cause anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction. This case highlights the importance of recognizing and preparing for midazolam-induced anaphylaxis during anesthesia.

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Allergy and Immunology

Background:

  • Midazolam is widely used as a sedative and anesthetic adjuvant, generally considered safe.
  • Awareness of midazolam's potential to cause anaphylaxis is limited due to its rarity.
  • This study reports a case of midazolam-induced anaphylaxis during general anesthesia.

Observation:

  • A 62-year-old woman developed sudden severe hypotension, bronchospasm, decreased oxygen saturation, erythema, and diarrhea after intravenous midazolam administration.
  • The patient was in the prone position under general anesthesia at the time of the reaction.

Findings:

  • Midazolam anaphylaxis was initially diagnosed based on clinical presentation.
  • Confirmation was achieved through an intradermal test conducted nine weeks post-event.
  • The patient's severe symptoms resolved rapidly with prompt medical intervention.

Implications:

  • Midazolam anaphylaxis, though rare, is a potential risk that must be considered.
  • Healthcare providers should be prepared to manage anaphylactic reactions to midazolam.
  • Early recognition and treatment are crucial for favorable patient outcomes.