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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model
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Merkel Cell Carcinoma - Current Controversies and Future Directions.

N Steven1, P Lawton2, M Poulsen3

  • 1University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

Clinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))
|October 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare skin cancer, requires multidisciplinary care for optimal outcomes. Early diagnosis, staging, and advanced treatments like immunotherapy show promise for managing this aggressive neuroendocrine malignancy.

Keywords:
Immune checkpoint inhibitionMerkel cell carcinomaradiotherapysurgery

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer.
  • Management guidelines are based on limited evidence from case series and single-arm trials.
  • Optimal patient outcomes depend on multidisciplinary team assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence for the diagnosis and management of Merkel cell carcinoma.
  • To highlight essential steps for locoregional control and metastasis reduction.
  • To discuss the role of various treatment modalities, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature, including case series and single-arm trials.
  • Analysis of diagnostic tools such as sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and FDG-positron emission tomography (PET).
  • Evaluation of therapeutic strategies: surgical excision, radiotherapy doses, chemotherapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) provides crucial prognostic information.
  • FDG-positron emission tomography (PET) demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity, influencing management in approximately 25% of cases.
  • Surgical excision and radiotherapy achieve good locoregional control, even with positive margins; specific radiotherapy doses are recommended for microscopic versus macroscopic disease.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors show high response rates in treatment-naive patients, with durable responses observed.

Conclusions:

  • Multidisciplinary assessment, rapid diagnosis, and staging are critical for managing Merkel cell carcinoma.
  • While surgery and radiotherapy are mainstays for locoregional control, the benefits of adjuvant therapies require further investigation.
  • Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, represents a significant advancement in treating advanced or metastatic MCC, offering durable responses.