Progressive multiple sclerosis: latest therapeutic developments and future directions.

Area of Science:

• Neuroimmunology
• Neurodegenerative diseases
• Central nervous system disorders

Background:

• Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system inflammatory disease causing demyelination and neurodegeneration.
• MS progresses from relapsing-remitting to secondary-progressive or presents initially as primary-progressive.
• Pathogenic mechanisms include inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage, leading to disability.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent therapeutic developments for progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) over the last three years.
• To highlight promising substances and new therapeutic pipeline developments for progressive MS.
• To provide insights into future treatment strategies for progressive MS.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent therapeutic developments in progressive MS.
• Analysis of pathogenic mechanisms driving MS progression.
• Evaluation of current and emerging therapeutic agents targeting MS pathways.

Main Results:

• Ocrelizumab (B-cell targeting antibody) is effective in primary progressive MS.
• Siponimod (sphingosine-1-receptor modulator) is effective in active secondary-progressive MS.
• Several other agents, including ofatumumab, cladribine, ozanimod, and ponesimod, are in development or clinical trials.

Conclusions:

• Understanding MS pathogenesis is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
• Current and emerging treatments show promise for managing progressive MS.
• The therapeutic pipeline suggests a positive outlook for future progressive MS management.