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How long do anti-predator interventions remain effective? Patterns, thresholds and uncertainty.

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Electric fences and calving control are the most effective long-term interventions against human-predator conflicts, maintaining 100% effectiveness for up to 3 years. Other methods like deterrents and guarding animals show rapid decreases in effectiveness within months.

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Area of Science:

  • Wildlife ecology
  • Conservation biology
  • Human-wildlife interactions

Background:

  • Human-predator conflicts pose significant global challenges to asset protection.
  • Understanding the temporal effectiveness of interventions is crucial for long-term conflict mitigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and analyze the temporal changes in effectiveness of non-invasive interventions against terrestrial mammalian predators.
  • To identify time thresholds where intervention effectiveness declines.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic review of published literature on non-invasive interventions for human-predator conflict.
  • Analyzed 26 cases from 14 publications, focusing on electric fences and deterrents.
  • Defined temporal trend lines for intervention effectiveness.

Main Results:

  • Electric fences and calving control demonstrated sustained 100% effectiveness for 3 months to 3 years.
  • Acoustical and light deterrents, and guarding animals, showed effectiveness erosion within 1-5 months.
  • Supplemental feeding was counter-productive, increasing damage over time.

Conclusions:

  • Electric fences and calving control are recommended for long-term human-predator conflict management.
  • Routine monitoring and standardized time periods for evaluating intervention effectiveness are vital.
  • The rapid decline in effectiveness of some deterrents necessitates adaptive management strategies.