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Related Concept Videos

Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Natural Selection and Adaptation01:15

Natural Selection and Adaptation

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Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
Beyond physical adaptations,...
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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Related Experiment Video

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Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions
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Phenotypically plastic responses to predation risk are temperature dependent.

Thomas M Luhring1,2, Janna M Vavra3, Clayton E Cressler3

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 410 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA. tomluhring@gmail.com.

Oecologia
|October 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Organisms

Keywords:
Climate changeFecundityLife historyMortalityReproductionSurvivorship

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Predicting organismal responses to climate change necessitates understanding fitness across temperatures and ecological contexts.
  • Predation risk influences life history traits, which are also temperature-dependent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interactive effects of predation risk and temperature on Daphnia magna fitness.
  • To determine how predation risk timing impacts temperature-dependent life history adjustments.

Main Methods:

  • Exposed Daphnia magna to dragonfly naiad predation cues at different life stages (early, late, throughout ontogeny).
  • Measured fitness components including the intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0), generation time (T), and survival.
  • Analyzed fitness responses across a range of temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Predation risk modified the intrinsic rate of increase (r) differently across temperatures and exposure timings.
  • The timing of predation risk altered temperature-dependent responses of net reproductive rate (R0) and generation time (T).
  • At higher temperatures, Daphnia increased r via higher R0 and lower T, despite increased mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Phenotypic plasticity in response to predation risk is strongly temperature-dependent.
  • Early-life predation risk exposure was crucial for enhanced fitness at colder temperatures.
  • Organismal responses to climate change are complex, involving interactions between predation and temperature across ontogeny.