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Related Concept Videos

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Updated: Jan 6, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Cortical pain processing in migraine.

Gianluca Coppola1, Vincenzo Parisi2, Antonio Di Renzo2

  • 1Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy. gianluca.coppola@uniroma1.it.

Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)
|October 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Migraine involves trigeminal system pain pathways and brain structure changes. Cortical processing and neuroimaging reveal brain plasticity, crucial for understanding migraine attacks.

Keywords:
BrainstemChronicCortexMigraineNeuroimagingNeurophysiologyPainQuantitative sensory testingThalamusTrigeminal system

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Migraine is a chronic, episodic painful disorder affecting a small percentage of patients.
  • The trigeminal system's peripheral and central components, along with brain structures, are implicated in migraine pathophysiology.
  • Understanding cortical pain processing is key to unraveling migraine mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging evidence on cortical pain processing in migraine.
  • To synthesize findings on peripheral and central sensitization in migraine.
  • To explore brain structural and functional changes associated with migraine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of quantitative sensory testing data.
  • Analysis of subjective pain intensity assessments.
  • Synthesis of neuroimaging studies (e.g., MRI) examining brain structure and function.

Main Results:

  • Quantitative sensory testing provides indirect evidence for peripheral sensitization during headache phases.
  • Central sensitization between attacks remains inconclusive, though subclinical allodynia is observed.
  • Neuroimaging reveals structural and functional brain plasticity in migraine patients, potentially early in life.

Conclusions:

  • Modulation of brainstem, midbrain, thalamic, and thalamocortical pathways is critical for migraine attacks.
  • Brain structural and functional changes, including cortical network alterations, are evident in migraine.
  • Further research is needed to differentiate migraine-specific brain changes from other painful disorders.