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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Domain Bacteria includes some unique hyperthermophilic species. They exhibit remarkable adaptations that enable survival in extreme environments.Thermotoga species are rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating hyperthermophiles that form a sheath-like envelope called a toga. They ferment sugars or starch, producing lactate, acetate, CO₂, and H₂, and can also grow via anaerobic respiration using H₂ and ferric iron. Found in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, over 20% of their...
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Planctomycetes are a group of morphologically distinct bacteria predominantly classified into two orders: Planctomycetales and Brocadiales. These gram-negative bacteria exhibit unique features, including division by budding and the presence of stalks or appendages. Their cells are often found in rosette arrangements, and they are notable for possessing an S-layer in their cell envelope, which is relatively uncommon among bacteria. Additionally, Planctomycetes frequently exhibit intracellular...
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Visualizing Bacteria in Nematodes using Fluorescent Microscopy
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Development of Xenoturbellida.

Hiroaki Nakano1

  • 1Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Japan. h.nakano@shimoda.tsukuba.ac.jp.

Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation
|October 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Xenoturbellida, simple marine invertebrates, reproduce externally without gonads. Their larvae may represent an ancestral metazoan and bilaterian larval type, offering insights into early animal evolution.

Area of Science:

  • Marine invertebrate biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Xenoturbellida are simple benthic marine invertebrates.
  • They form the clade Xenacoelomorpha, sister to all other bilaterians (Nephrozoa).
  • Their phylogenetic position is crucial for understanding Bilateria origins and evolution, yet developmental and reproductive studies are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize known reproduction and development in Xenoturbellida.
  • To include data from five recently discovered species.
  • To analyze the phylogenetic significance of Xenoturbellida development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Xenoturbellida reproduction and development.
  • Inclusion of data from newly discovered Xenoturbella species.

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  • Comparative analysis of Xenoturbella larvae with other marine invertebrate larvae.

    • Main Results:

    • Xenoturbellids lack gonads; gametes are dispersed and released via body wall rupture, suggesting external fertilization.
    • Embryos undergo holoblastic radial cleavage and hatch as uniformly ciliated, free-swimming larvae.
    • Larvae develop an apical tuft and settle within 5 days post-hatching.

    Conclusions:

    • Xenoturbellida reproduction and development provide insights into early bilaterian evolution.
    • The simple larval morphology of Xenoturbella may represent an ancestral metazoan and bilaterian larval type.
    • Further research on Xenoturbellida is vital for understanding the evolution of animal body plans.