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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
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Opening the black box of selection.

Sanne Schreurs1, Kitty Cleutjens2, Carlos F Collares3

  • 1Department of Educational Development and Research, School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. s.schreurs@maastrichtuniversity.nl.

Advances in Health Sciences Education : Theory and Practice
|October 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study clarifies the "black box of selection" in medical school admissions. It confirms that competency-based selection tools accurately measure intended constructs, ensuring valid assessment of applicants.

Keywords:
AdmissionsConstruct validityMedical schoolSelectionValidity

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Psychometrics
  • Competency-Based Assessment

Background:

  • Medical school selection faces a 'black box' problem, where predictors of success are unclear.
  • Existing selection tools may predict outcomes, but the specific constructs measured are often unknown.
  • Understanding the internal structure of selection tools is crucial for construct validity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the internal structures of medical school selection tests align with their intended measured content.
  • To apply Downing's validity framework, focusing on content and internal structure evidence.
  • To illuminate the 'black box of selection' in outcome-based admissions procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a multi-tool, CanMEDS competency-based selection procedure including situational judgment and aptitude tests.
  • Applied cognitive diagnostic modeling to link applicant performance to a predetermined competency blueprint.
  • Examined content-related evidence through the creation and application of the selection blueprint.

Main Results:

  • The development and application of the competency-based selection blueprint were robust, transparent, and replicable.
  • Cognitive diagnostic modeling revealed an 89% overlap between expected and measured constructs.
  • The selection procedure effectively measured intended competencies, supporting construct validity.

Conclusions:

  • A strong focus on content and adherence to a competency blueprint enhances the internal structure of selection tools.
  • Linking applicant performance to a blueprint clarifies the 'black box of selection'.
  • This methodology supports the construct validity of medical school selection procedures.