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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Thoracic, aortic arch and abdominal aneurysms are significant vascular conditions that can present with various clinical manifestations and lead to serious complications. Understanding these manifestations and the appropriate diagnostic studies is essential for effective management and treatment.Thoracic Aortic AneurysmsThoracic aortic aneurysms often remain asymptomatic until they reach a size that impinges on adjacent structures. They typically cause deep, diffuse chest pain that radiates to...
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Susac Syndrome: A Rare Case Report.

R A Ruly1, A H Akhanda, M I Hossain

  • 1Dr Raunak Ara Amin Ruly, Resident (MS Ophthalmology), (Phase B Residency Course), Department of Ophthalmology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh;

Mymensingh Medical Journal : MMJ
|October 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Susac syndrome, a rare autoimmune condition affecting the brain, eyes, and ears, presents unique diagnostic challenges. Early identification and treatment are crucial for preventing permanent disabilities in affected individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Susac syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by microangiopathic changes affecting the brain, retina, and cochlea.
  • It typically presents with a triad of encephalopathy, retinal artery occlusions, and sensorineural hearing loss.

Observation:

  • A 60-year-old female presented with a 10-year history of vision loss in the left eye, 5-year history of vitiligo, and 1-year history of bilateral hearing loss with tinnitus.
  • Fundus angiography revealed central retinal artery occlusion in the left eye, treated with pan-retinal photocoagulation.
  • Brain MRI showed hyperintense lesions in the periventricular white matter and corpus callosum, while audiometry confirmed bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.

Findings:

  • The patient's presentation, including visual impairment, neurological deficits, and auditory dysfunction, is consistent with Susac syndrome.
  • Diagnostic imaging and audiological tests corroborated the multi-organ involvement characteristic of this rare condition.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of recognizing the diverse clinical manifestations of Susac syndrome.
  • Prompt diagnosis and timely initiation of immunosuppressive therapy are essential to mitigate neurological and sensory deficits and prevent long-term disability.