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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
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Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: Studying Clinical Characters and Epilepsy Outcomes After Frontal Disconnection in Patients with MOGHE
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Author Spotlight: Studying Clinical Characters and Epilepsy Outcomes After Frontal Disconnection in Patients with MOGHE

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[Malformations of cortical development and epilepsy].

María Celeste Buompadre1

  • 1Servicio de Neurología, Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Medicina
|October 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Malformations of cortical development (MCD) cause 40% of drug-resistant childhood epilepsies. A new classification aids diagnosis and treatment for better patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Approximately 15% of childhood epilepsies are resistant to antiepileptic drugs.
  • Malformations of cortical development (MCD) account for 40% of these drug-resistant cases.
  • Existing MCD classifications focus on developmental steps, but a clinic-molecular approach is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new classification for malformations of cortical development (MCD).
  • To correlate MCD subtypes with genetic pathways, imaging phenotypes, and clinical presentations.
  • To highlight the importance of prompt diagnosis for improving outcomes in pediatric epilepsy.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current literature on MCD classification.
  • Integration of clinical, molecular, and imaging data.
Keywords:
cortical malformationdysplasiaepilepsylissencephaliespolymicrogyriatubulinopathies

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  • Categorization of MCD into four main groups based on disrupted pathways and imaging.

    • Main Results:

    • A proposed classification divides MCD into four groups: megalencephaly/focal cortical dysplasia, tubulinopathies/lissencephalies, polymicrogyria syndromes, and heterotopia syndromes.
    • Over 100 genes are linked to various MCD types, involving cell cycle regulation, neuronal migration, and cytoskeletal function.
    • MCD are associated with diverse epileptic syndromes, from early-onset epileptic encephalopathies to focal epilepsies.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed classification aids in understanding the genetic and biological mechanisms underlying MCD.
    • Accurate diagnosis of MCD is crucial for managing refractory epilepsy in children.
    • Further research into novel therapeutic strategies is essential to improve patient outcomes.