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Published on: June 13, 2020
Vanillin extracted from Proso and Barnyard millets induce apoptotic cell death in HT-29 human colon cancer cell line
Deepa Priya Ramadoss1, Nageswaran Sivalingam1
1Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract:
In the present study, we hypothesized that the active compound extracted from Proso and Barnyard millets inhibits cell proliferation and apoptosis induction in colon cancer cell line. The bioactive compounds from these millets were purified by supercritical fluid extraction and their structure was elucidated using spectroscopic methods. Extracted bioactive components from these millets were similar in chemical structure to the phenolic aldehyde-Vanillin [4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde]. Cell proliferative effect was assessed by MTT assay using HT-29 cell line. Compound 1 significantly inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 cells when treated with concentrations of 250 µg/ml and 1,000 µg/ml for 48 h, while compound 2 moderately inhibited the proliferation of the HT-29 cell line at the same concentration and time period. Cytotoxic activity of extracted compounds by the release of lactate dehydrogenase confirms that these compounds were not toxic to the cells at 250 µg/ml of compounds 1 and 2. In addition, flow cytometry results show a significant cell arrest in the G0/G1 phase and increase in the apoptotic cells in sub G0 phase, in a dose-dependent manner when compared with the control. The conclusion of this study suggests that the anticancer property of these millets is mediated through the presence of vanillin.
Insights
Compounds from Proso and Barnyard millets, identified as vanillin, inhibit colon cancer cell growth. These natural compounds induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, offering potential as a natural colon cancer therapy.
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry
- Pharmacology
- Cancer Research
Background:
- Proso (Panicum miliaceum) and Barnyard (Echinochloa esculenta) millets contain bioactive compounds.
- Colon cancer is a significant global health concern, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the potential of compounds extracted from Proso and Barnyard millets to inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis.
- To identify the chemical structure of the active compounds and assess their cytotoxic effects.
Main Methods:
- Bioactive compounds were purified using supercritical fluid extraction.
- Chemical structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods.
- Cell proliferation was assessed using MTT assay on HT-29 colon cancer cells.
- Cytotoxicity was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase release.
- Apoptosis and cell cycle phases were analyzed via flow cytometry.
Main Results:
- Extracted compounds were identified as vanillin (4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde).
- Compound 1 significantly inhibited HT-29 cell proliferation at 250 and 1,000 µg/ml.
- Compound 2 moderately inhibited proliferation under the same conditions.
- Compounds 1 and 2 showed no cytotoxicity at 250 µg/ml.
- Flow cytometry revealed dose-dependent G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis.
Conclusions:
- Vanillin, extracted from Proso and Barnyard millets, exhibits significant anticancer properties against colon cancer cells.
- The mechanism involves inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest.
- These findings suggest vanillin as a potential therapeutic agent for colon cancer derived from natural sources.
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