Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy01:19

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

4.2K
The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
4.2K
Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

4.4K
Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
4.4K
Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

4.6K
Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is unique as it is purely sensory and dedicated to the sense of smell. This nerve originates in the olfactory epithelium of the...
4.6K
Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

2.0K
The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
2.0K
Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

1.9K
The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
1.9K
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

2.3K
Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
2.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Olfactory assessment in treatment and survivor groups of pediatric solid malignancies.

Discover oncology·2026
Same author

Effect of Stimulus Duration on the Electrogustometric Threshold.

World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery·2026
Same author

Response to Comments of Pellegrino et al.

Chemical senses·2026
Same author

Percentile scores for the revised University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test for 16,972 individuals 60 years of age and older.

NPJ Parkinson's disease·2025
Same author

Olfactory function is longitudinally associated with semantic fluency in Parkinson's disease: a cohort study.

Journal of neurology·2025
Same author

Odors as cognitive constructs: history of odor classification and attempts to map odor percepts to physical and chemical parameters.

Chemical senses·2025
Same journal

Preface.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Foreword.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Fundus autofluorescence imaging.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

The electroretinogram as a means to study the physiology of the retina.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Modeling the human retina in a dish: Advances and future directions.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration
05:04

Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration

Published on: May 5, 2020

7.9K

Cranial nerve 13.

Andrea Giovanna Pineda1, Fidias E Leon-Sarmiento1, Richard L Doty1

  • 1Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|October 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Discover the 13th cranial nerve, the nervus terminalis. This review highlights its role in reproductive development and potential influence on sensory processing and behavior, urging further neurological study.

Keywords:
13th Cranial nerveCranial nervesGnRHKallmann syndromeNervus terminalisOlfactionTerminal nerve

More Related Videos

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
19:53

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

106.3K
Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury
10:11

Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

Published on: February 23, 2015

13.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration
05:04

Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration

Published on: May 5, 2020

7.9K
Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
19:53

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

106.3K
Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury
10:11

Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

Published on: February 23, 2015

13.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Human Anatomy
  • Embryology

Background:

  • The human nervous system is traditionally described with 12 cranial nerves.
  • The nervus terminalis (terminal nerve) is a less-recognized cranial nerve present in humans and vertebrates.
  • Its precise function and composition have been subjects of ongoing scientific debate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the 13th cranial nerve, the nervus terminalis.
  • To raise awareness among neurologists and neuroscientists about this nerve.
  • To emphasize the need for continued research into its functions and implications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on the nervus terminalis.
  • Analysis of anatomical and functional studies across various vertebrate species.
  • Examination of GnRH-immunoreactive neurons as a key identifier for the nervus terminalis.

Main Results:

  • The nervus terminalis is a conserved nerve located near the olfactory bulbs, extending to nasal epithelia.
  • GnRH-immunoreactive neurons are a defining feature in most species.
  • Evidence suggests roles in reproductive development (linked to Kallmann syndrome), sensory processing, and autonomic control.

Conclusions:

  • The nervus terminalis plays a significant role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproductive functions.
  • This nerve may influence behaviors, sensory perception, and physiological responses.
  • Further investigation is crucial for a complete understanding of human neuroanatomy and related disorders.