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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

47.9K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

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The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
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Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

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The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...
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Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

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The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

In-depth Physiological Analysis of Defined Cell Populations in Acute Tissue Slices of the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ
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In-depth Physiological Analysis of Defined Cell Populations in Acute Tissue Slices of the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ

Published on: September 10, 2016

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Central olfactory structures.

Thomas A Cleland1, Christiane Linster2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|October 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The olfactory bulb (OB) connects to many brain regions, which then relay information back. This study details the structure and function of these crucial secondary olfactory areas in mammals.

Keywords:
Anterior olfactory nucleusCentral nervous systemEntorhinal cortexHippocampusLateral olfactory tractOlfactionOlfactory bulbPyriform cortex

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Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
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Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory system research

Background:

  • The olfactory bulb (OB) is the primary structure for processing smell.
  • Information from the OB is relayed to various central brain regions.
  • The precise connectivity and function of these secondary olfactory areas are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the connectivity patterns of postbulbar olfactory regions.
  • To describe the structural and functional characteristics of these brain areas.
  • To enhance understanding of mammalian olfactory processing beyond the OB.

Main Methods:

  • Anatomical tracing techniques to map axonal projections.
  • Histological analysis to identify neuronal structures.
  • Functional assays to assess sensory processing capabilities.

Main Results:

  • Detailed mapping of reciprocal connections between the OB and secondary olfactory regions.
  • Identification of key structural features within these postbulbar areas.
  • Evidence for their role in odor representation, valence, and learning.

Conclusions:

  • The described postbulbar regions form a complex network with the OB.
  • These areas are critical for sophisticated olfactory functions, including learning and valence.
  • Further research into these regions will clarify nonolfactory roles and refine models of sensory processing.