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Detecting normal pediatric brain development with diffusional kurtosis imaging.

Jingjing Shi1, Shaowei Yang2, Jian Wang1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

European Journal of Radiology
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PubMed
Summary

Diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) parameters, especially kurtosis measures, effectively track normal brain development in children from birth to 14 years. These advanced imaging metrics reveal significant changes in white and gray matter during early childhood.

Keywords:
Brain developmentDiffusional kurtosis imagingMRIPediatric

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Normal brain development involves complex microstructural changes in white and gray matter.
  • Diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) offers advanced insights into tissue microstructure beyond conventional diffusion parameters.
  • Characterizing developmental trajectories is crucial for understanding normative brain maturation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the developmental changes in DKI parameters within white and gray matter in a large cohort of healthy children.
  • To investigate the relationship between DKI parameters and age from neonates to 14-year-olds.
  • To compare the sensitivity of kurtosis versus diffusion parameters in reflecting brain development.

Main Methods:

  • Two hundred and eighteen healthy children (term neonates to 14 years) underwent MRI and DKI.
  • Regions of interest were defined in 7 white matter and 4 gray matter areas.
  • DKI parameters (FA, MD, Da, Dr, MK, Ka, Kr) were calculated and correlated with age using nonlinear fitting.

Main Results:

  • Fractional anisotropy (FA) and kurtosis parameters (MK, Ka, Kr) increased with age, while mean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (Dr) decreased.
  • Changes were rapid in the first two years and slowed thereafter.
  • Kurtosis parameters demonstrated a greater amplitude of variation than diffusion parameters, indicating higher sensitivity to developmental changes.

Conclusions:

  • DKI parameters, particularly kurtosis measures, show strong correlations with age and are valuable for assessing normal pediatric brain development.
  • DKI provides sensitive markers for microstructural maturation in both white and gray matter during childhood.
  • Kurtosis parameters may offer advantages over traditional diffusion parameters for tracking developmental trajectories.