Wheat exposure to cerium oxide nanoparticles over three generations reveals transmissible changes in nutrition,...

This study investigated the effects of third generation exposure to cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂-NPs) on biomass, elemental and ¹⁵N uptake, and fatty acid contents of wheat (Triticum aestivum). At low or high nitrogen treatment (48 or 112 mg N), seeds exposed for two generations to 0 or 500 mg CeO₂-NPs per kg soil treatment were cultivated for third year in soil amended with 0 or 500 mg CeO₂-NPs per kg soil. The results showed that parental and current exposures to CeO₂-NPs increased the root biomass in daughter plants with greater magnitude of increase at low N than high N. When wheat received CeO₂-NPs in year 3, root elemental contents increased primarily at low N, suggesting an important role of soil N availability in altering root nutrient acquisition. The δ¹⁵N ratios, previously shown to be altered by CeO₂-NPs, were only affected by current and not parental exposure, indicating effects on N uptake and/or metabolism are not transferred from one generation to the next. Seed fatty acid composition was also influenced both by prior and current exposure to CeO₂-NPs. The results suggest that risk assessments of NP exposure may need to include longer-term, transgenerational effects on growth and grain quality of agronomic crops.