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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
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The five dimensions of B cell tolerance.

Jeffrey L Platt1,2,3, Mayara Garcia de Mattos Barbosa1, Marilia Cascalho1,2,3

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|October 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary

B cell tolerance is more complex than previously thought, involving multiple dimensions beyond self-recognition. Understanding these dimensions is key to comprehending B cell biology in health and disease.

Keywords:
ABO incompatibilityB lymphocytesaccommodationantibodiestolerance

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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • B cell tolerance traditionally prevents autoimmunity by selecting non-self-reactive antibodies.
  • This model inadequately explains the presence of auto-reactive B cells in healthy individuals and their role in health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel, multi-dimensional concept of B cell tolerance.
  • To integrate temporal and cellular accommodation aspects into B cell tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual framework expansion, integrating existing knowledge on B cell receptor signaling and immune responses.
  • Discussion of how these extended dimensions explain B cell behavior in health and disease.

Main Results:

  • Most B lymphocytes are auto-reactive, and their absence is linked to disease.
  • Auto-reactivity can be accommodated by extending tolerance to include time (4th dimension) and cellular resistance (5th dimension).

Conclusions:

  • A five-dimensional model of B cell tolerance offers a more comprehensive understanding of B cell biology.
  • This expanded view is crucial for distinguishing normal B cell function from disease states.