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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Modular Polymer Antigens To Optimize Immunity.

Nitasha R Bennett, Cassie M Jarvis, Mohammad Murshid Alam

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    This study reveals that high-density synthetic antigens with specific T cell epitope designs significantly enhance antibody (IgG) responses, offering a new strategy for developing effective subunit vaccines against challenging targets like glycans.

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    High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles
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    High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

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    Area of Science:

    • Vaccine development
    • Immunology
    • Polymer chemistry

    Background:

    • Subunit vaccines offer safety but often struggle with robust immune responses.
    • Optimizing glycan-based vaccines is hindered by poor understanding of B and T cell epitope interactions.
    • Developing effective synthetic antigens is crucial for improving vaccine efficacy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify key antigen features that promote strong immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses.
    • To explore the impact of B and T cell epitope loading on immune activation.
    • To design and evaluate novel synthetic polymeric antigens for enhanced vaccine performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Epitope-functionalized polymers were synthesized using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP).
    • The effect of varying B and T cell epitope density on immune responses was assessed.
    • Comparative analysis of polymeric antigens versus protein conjugates was performed.

    Main Results:

    • Polymers with high valency of both B and T cell epitopes induced the most robust IgG responses.
    • IgG responses were significantly greater when T cell epitopes were easily released during endosomal processing.
    • A novel ROMP-generated polymeric antigen demonstrated superior antibody responses compared to a protein conjugate.

    Conclusions:

    • High epitope valency and optimal T cell epitope presentation are critical for designing potent synthetic antigens.
    • ROMP is a viable method for creating effective synthetic antigens that elicit strong IgG responses.
    • These findings provide principles for developing next-generation vaccines targeting weak immunogens like glycans.