Heterogeneous surface-modified nanoplatforms for the targeted therapy of haematological malignancies

Here, we focus on nanoparticle (NP)-based platforms for the targeted therapy of haematological malignancies (HMs), providing an overview of surface-modified nanoplatforms, such as aptamer-, metal-, nucleic acid-, toxin, and peptide-modified NPs, for the efficient targeting of tumor cells. We discuss NPs targeting subcellular compartments, including mitochondria, nucleus and Golgi apparatus, for enhanced therapy of HMs. We also review stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms for modulating site-specific release of drugs. We provide insight into alternative modes of therapy, such as phototherapy, gene therapy, dendritic cell (DC) therapy, and radiotherapy, highlighting recent advances in the treatment of HMs.