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Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Tendon stem/progenitor cell ageing: Modulation and rejuvenation.

Guang-Chun Dai1, Ying-Juan Li2, Min-Hao Chen1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, Jiangsu Province, China.

World Journal of Stem Cells
|October 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) decline with age, impairing tendon repair. This review explores TSPC aging mechanisms and rejuvenation strategies like exercise and growth factors to enhance tendon health.

Keywords:
AgeingMechanismsModulationRejuvenationTendon stem/progenitor cell

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Area of Science:

  • Biogerontology
  • Musculoskeletal Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Tendon aging is a complex process linked to injury risk and severity.
  • Tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) are crucial for tendon maintenance and regeneration.
  • Age-related decline in TSPC function impairs tendon healing and raises questions about causality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on TSPC biological characteristics and age-related changes.
  • To analyze the mechanisms underlying TSPC aging, including epigenetic alterations.
  • To discuss potential strategies for rejuvenating aged TSPCs and improving tendon health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent discoveries on TSPC biology and aging.
  • Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in TSPC aging.
  • Discussion of therapeutic interventions for TSPC rejuvenation.

Main Results:

  • TSPC aging is a multifaceted process potentially influenced by intrinsic factors and the cellular environment.
  • Epigenetic alterations play a significant role in age-related TSPC dysfunction.
  • Factors like growth factors and hormones impact TSPC aging.

Conclusions:

  • TSPC aging contributes to tendon aging and impaired function.
  • Rejuvenation strategies targeting TSPCs, such as exercise and growth factors, hold promise for improving tendon health in aging individuals.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate TSPC aging mechanisms and optimize therapeutic interventions.