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Formation of Species

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.

Genetics of Speciation

Genetics of Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.

Speciation Rates

Speciation Rates

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.

Hybrid Zones

Hybrid Zones

Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 15, 2018

Interaction among ploidy, breeding system and lineage diversification.

Rosana Zenil-Ferguson¹, J Gordon Burleigh², William A Freyman³

¹Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.

The New Phytologist

|October 17, 2019

Summary

Breeding systems, not ploidy, drive diversification in Solanaceae. Polyploidy commonly arises from direct self-incompatibility breakdown via whole genome duplication, influencing plant evolution.

Keywords:

SSE models breeding systems diploidization diversification ploidy polyploidy self-incompatibility

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Last Updated: Jan 5, 2026

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary Biology
Plant Sciences
Phylogenetics

Background:

Macroevolutionary patterns are influenced by traits affecting speciation and extinction rates.
Identifying these traits is challenging due to character diversity and phylogenetic data complexities.
Ploidy and breeding systems are hypothesized drivers of angiosperm diversification.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association of ploidy, breeding system, and their interaction with diversification rates in Solanaceae.
To determine which factors best explain diversification patterns within the Solanaceae family.
To elucidate the evolutionary pathways leading to polyploidy in Solanaceae.

Main Methods:

Fitting 29 diversification models to extensive trait and phylogenetic data.
Analyzing speciation and extinction rate differences in relation to ploidy and breeding system.
Comparing stochastic diversification models with trait interactions and hidden states.

Main Results:

Diversification patterns in Solanaceae are better explained by breeding system and an unobserved factor, not ploidy.
The most frequent route to polyploidy involves direct breakdown of self-incompatibility through whole genome duplication.
Complex trait interactions and hidden states improve understanding of macroevolutionary patterns.

Conclusions:

Breeding system is a key determinant of diversification in Solanaceae.
Whole genome duplication directly impacting self-incompatibility is the primary pathway to polyploidy.
Advanced diversification models are crucial for deciphering macroevolutionary dynamics in plants.