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Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...
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The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual,  the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Fission is the division of a single entity into two or more parts, which regenerate into separate entities that resemble the original. Organisms in the Archaea and Bacteria domains reproduce using binary fission, in which a parent cell splits into two parts that can each grow to the size of the original parent cell. This asexual method of reproduction produces cells that are all genetically identical.
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Asexual reproduction allows plants to reproduce without growing flowers, attracting pollinators, or dispersing seeds. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent and produced without the fusion of male and female gametes.
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Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Generation of Cancer Cell Clones to Visualize Telomeric Repeat-containing RNA TERRA Expressed from a Single Telomere in Living Cells
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New Clones on the Block.

Nandini Acharya1, Ana C Anderson1

  • 1Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Immunity
|October 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy can lead to "clonal replacement," where T-cell populations within tumors change after treatment. This finding offers new insights into how ICB works in cancer patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) shows promise in treating some cancers.
  • The precise mechanisms driving ICB's clinical success remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics of T-cell populations within tumors during ICB treatment.
  • To identify potential mechanisms underlying patient responses to ICB therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T-cell receptor sequencing data from tumors before and after ICB treatment.
  • Characterization of the T-cell repertoire landscape.

Main Results:

  • A significant shift in dominant T-cell clones was observed after ICB therapy.
  • The T-cell clones present post-treatment were distinct from those identified pre-treatment.
  • This phenomenon was termed "clonal replacement" by the authors.

Conclusions:

  • ICB treatment induces a substantial alteration in the tumor-infiltrating T-cell population.
  • Clonal replacement represents a key feature of the anti-tumor immune response mediated by ICB.
  • Understanding clonal replacement may refine strategies for optimizing ICB efficacy in cancer treatment.