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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
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Brain Networks Underlying Eye's Pupil Dynamics.

Mauro DiNuzzo1, Daniele Mascali1,2, Marta Moraschi1,2

  • 1Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|October 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Pupil size changes reflect brain activity, particularly in attention networks. This study links pupil dynamics to brain regions involved in salience and decision-making, revealing a complex neural pathway from the Locus Coeruleus (LC).

Keywords:
functional connectivitygranger-causalityhuman brainlocus coeruleuspupillometrysteady-state BOLD-fMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Phasic pupil diameter changes are observed during various cognitive and emotional activities.
  • Pupil diameter is linked to noradrenergic firing in the Locus Coeruleus (LC), but the connection to cortical networks is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal chain linking spontaneous pupil dynamics to specific cortical brain networks.
  • To explore the neural correlates of pupil dynamics during sustained attentional load.

Main Methods:

  • Combined steady-state BOLD fMRI and eye-tracking pupillometry in 15 healthy subjects.
  • Employed regression analysis, Granger-causality analysis, and functional connectivity (FC) analysis.
  • Subjects maintained a constant attentional load during data acquisition.

Main Results:

  • Widespread visual and sensorimotor BOLD-fMRI deactivations correlated with pupil diameter.
  • BOLD-fMRI activations correlated with pupil diameter change rate in regions including LC, thalamus, PCC, dACC/PaCC, OFC, and rAIC.
  • Granger-causality revealed a complex interdependence, with LC and pupil dynamics separated by cortical stages; SFG was ubiquitously present in relevant networks.

Conclusions:

  • Pupil dynamics are associated with brain processing related to shifts in self- and environment-directed awareness.
  • The findings elucidate the neural pathways connecting the LC, pupil dynamics, and higher-order cognitive brain networks.
  • No significant correlation was found between pupil dynamics, regional activation, and behavioral performance.